Legendary director/choreographer Bob Fosse (1927-1987) is known for hits such as Sweet Charity, with its trademark jazzy number, "Hey Big Spender," and Cabaret.

Bob Fosse began his unusual career as a dancer in the late 1940s, touring with companies of Call Me Mister and Make Mine Manhattan. After playing the lead in a summer-stock production of Pal Joey, then choreographing a showcase called Talent 52, Fosse was given a screen test by M-G-M and went on to appear in the film Kiss Me Kate (1953). This appearance, in a highly original dance number, led to Fosse's first job as a choreographer, the Jerome Robbins-directed Broadway hit The Pajama Game (1954). Soon after, he met the talented dancer Gwen Verdon, and the two proceeded to collaborate on several hit shows, including Damn Yankees (1955, film 1958), New Girl in Town (1957), and Redhead (1959). (Fosse and Verdon married soon after.) He was also frequently sought out as the "doctor" on shows in trouble, especially How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying and Little Me (both 1962).

Choreography Showcased Unique Style

Fosse's best collaboration with Verdon, Sweet Charity (1966, film 1969), demonstrated their perfect compatibility as a creative team and also flaunted his trademark style as a choreographer. Strongly influenced by choreographer Jack Cole, Fosse staged dance numbers that were highly stylized, using staccato movements and erotic suggestion. The "Steam Heat" number from The Pajama Game and "Hey Big Spender" from Sweet Charity were trademark Fosse numbers--jazzy, machinelike motion and cocky, angular, even grotesque poses. He favored style over substance (his patented knee slides and spread-finger hands), and minimalistic costuming (all black, accentuated by hats and gloves). A perfectionist, Fosse liked detail in his choreography and would position his dancers down to the angles of their feet or their little fingers. As his career progressed, Fosse became increasingly fascinated with expressing sexuality and decadence through dance.

Had Hit with Cabaret

Fosse's peak year was 1973. In addition to his Cabaret Oscar, he nabbed Tonys for his direction and choreography of the Broadway musical Pippin, the eerily magical and sexually decadent story of the son of King Charlemagne on a journey of self-discovery. Like Cabaret, Pippin featured exaggerated, grotesque makeup and costuming and erotic dance numbers. Fosse's experiment--to place the story and music at the service of choreography--paid off when Pippin (helped by a television advertising campaign) became Fosse's longest-running Broadway show. That same year he won an Emmy for directing and choreographing Minnelli's television special Liza with a Z, which garnered high ratings and featured groundbreaking production numbers. In 1973 Fosse seemed to be everywhere.

Heart Attack Led to Autobiographical Film

In Lenny (1974), an exploration of the life of controversial comic Lenny Bruce, Fosse experimented with a mock-documentary filmmaking style. He identified with Bruce's attempt to liberate inhibited audiences with shocking and challenging material. Fosse suffered a heart attack while editing Lenny and rehearsing the successful Broadway musical Chicago (1975), which starred Verdon as notorious murderess Roxie Hart. Chicago was a cynical, stylized homage to 1920s-era burlesque and vaudeville. In the fascinating but disturbing film All That Jazz (1979), he used the heart attack (including a filmed bypass operation) to kill off the main character, an obsessive, womanizing, workaholic director clearly based on Fosse. His other 1970s stage musical was the innovative Dancin' (1978), which featured three acts constructed purely of dance numbers, eliminating story, song, and characters.

Fosse's work in the 1980s received mixed responses. His film Star 80 (1983) explored the violent, obsessive relationship between Playboy-model-turned-actress Dorothy Stratten and Paul Snider, the husband who brutally murdered her in 1980. Audiences and critics did not respond to the tough, gruesome subject matter. Nor did they appear to enjoy the jazz ballet Big Deal (1986), Fosse's last Broadway show. A revival of Sweet Charity in 1986 was more successful, but just as the touring company was about to be launched, Fosse died of a heart attack on 23 September 1987.

Historical Context

• The Life and Times of Bob Fosse (1927-1987)
• At the time of Fosse's birth:
• Calvin Coolidge was president of the United States
• The United States and Canada established diplomatic relations
• Saudi Arabian independence gained British recognition May 20, 1927 in the Treaty of Jedda
• Grauman's Chinese Theater opened in Hollywood
• The first all-electric jukeboxes were introduced by the Automatic Musical Instrument Co. of Grand Rapids, Mich., and Seeburg Co. of Chicago
• At the time of Fosse's death:
• Ronald Reagan was president of the United States
• Kuwait asked for U.S. naval protection of her tankers against Iranian attacks in the Persian Gulf and President Reagan complied as the Iraq-Iran war continued
• Recriminations over the "Iran-Contra" deal (selling weapons to Iran and using the funds to supply contra forces in Nicaragua) embroiled U.S. Cabinet officers
• ATZ, the drug used for treating AIDS, won FDA approval March 20, 1987
• Brazil announced in February 1987 that it was suspending interest payments on loans from foreign banks
• The times:
• 1939-1945: World War II
• 1950-1953: Korean War
• 1957-1975: Vietnam War
• 1983: American invasion of Grenada
• Fosse's contemporaries:
• Coretta Scott King (1927-) American civil rights leader
• Althea Gibson (1927-) American tennis player
• Maya Angelou (1928-) American poet/writer
• Anne Frank (1929-1945) German-born writer/diarist
• Helmut Kohl (1930-) German chancellor
• Robert Joffrey (1930-1988) American dancer
• Clint Eastwood (1930-) American actor
• Selected world events:
• 1927: U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg proposed a pact for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy
• 1930: The popular painting named American Gothic by Grant Wood portrayed his sister and his dentist as rural farm folk and helped launch the American native regionalist style
• 1935: The Richter scale devised by U.S. seismologist Charles Richter measured the intensity of earthquakes by recording ground motion in seismographs
• 1946: After 48 years of U.S. sovereignty the Philippines became an independent republic
• 1949: The book Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell described a chilling projection of a totalitarian state whose authorities exercise mind control
• 1955: The television show Captain Kangaroo debuted October 3, 1955 on CBS network stations with actor Robert James Keeshan hosting the morning shoe for preschoolers
• 1968: Nobel Prize-winner and nonviolent civil rights leader Martin Luther King was killed by sniper James Earl Ray in Memphis
• 1972: On Bloody Sunday in Belfast, 13 unarmed civilians were shot as British troops clash with Catholic demonstrators
• 1981: Pope John Paul II was shot and seriously wounded as he is driven through a crowd of 10,000 in St. Peter's Square
• 1987: President Reagan and Canada's Prime Minister Mulroney signed a free-trade agreement October 3, 1987

Further Reading

• Martin Gottfried, All His Jazz: The Life and Death of Bob Fosse (New York: Bantam Books, 1990).
• Kevin Boyd Grubb, Razzle Dazzle: The Life and Work of Bob Fosse (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).