Ong,Walter, J. Orality and Literacy. The Technologizing of the Word. London:Methuen & Co. Ltd,1982. Chapter Two and Three. In Chapter Two, Ong predominantly discusses the findings of Milman Parry regarding the composition of Homeric poetry. Parry exposes the repetitive formulas, the recurring themes and the re-constituted "old set of expressions"(23) that inhabited the work of Homer, and in doing this proves that Homer was not literate but utilised a complex web of mnemonic devices …showed first 75 words of 1474 total…

…showed last 75 words of 1474 total…in their context, however, Halverson once again defies this and suggests that parables are more an invention of a literate culture. Finally, Kelber's views that orality is life and "presence" whereas textuality is death, and his idea that Mark's gospel was meant to supersede an oral gospel is negated by Halverson. Halverson suggests that instead of "subverting"(195) the oral tradition "the gospel has every appearance of canonising it, to the extent that Mark knew it"(195)