Middle Ages and Early Modern Era. The guilds of the Middle Ages in Europe were thoroughly Christian in character and the Jew had no place in them. Since few Jews in Ashkenaz practiced crafts, they did not organize their own guilds, while the Jewish merchants were restricted in their professions and arranged their affairs through the general communal regulations, In the Byzantine Empire. in the 12th century, an authorization was granted to jewish craftsmen by …showed first 75 words of 609 total…

…showed last 75 words of 609 total…